libvirt: Polkit access control
Description: libvirt, virtualization, virtualization API

# Polkit access control

Libvirt's client access control framework allows administrators to setup fine grained permission rules across client users, managed objects and API operations. This allows client connections to be locked down to a minimal set of privileges. The polkit driver provides a simple implementation of the access control framework.

## Introduction

A default install of libvirt will typically use polkit to authenticate the initial user connection to libvirtd. This is a very coarse grained check though, either allowing full read-write access to all APIs, or just read-only access. The polkit access control driver in libvirt builds on this capability to allow for fine grained control over the operations a user may perform on an object.

## Permission names

The libvirt object names and permission names are mapped onto polkit action names using the simple pattern:

    org.libvirt.api.$object.$permission

The only caveat is that any underscore characters in the object or permission names are converted to hyphens. So, for example, the search_storage_vols permission on the storage_pool object maps to the polkit action:

    org.libvirt.api.storage-pool.search-storage-vols

The default policy for any permission which corresponds to a "read only" operation, is to allow access. All other permissions default to deny access.

## Object identity attributes

To allow polkit authorization rules to be written to match against individual object instances, libvirt provides a number of authorization detail attributes when performing a permission check. The set of attributes varies according to the type of object being checked

### virConnectPtr

Attribute | Description
--- | ---
connect_driver | Name of the libvirt connection driver

### virDomainPtr

Attribute | Description
--- | ---
connect_driver | Name of the libvirt connection driver
domain_name | Name of the domain, unique to the local host
domain_uuid | UUID of the domain, globally unique

### virInterfacePtr

Attribute | Description
--- | ---
connect_driver | Name of the libvirt connection driver
interface_name | Name of the network interface, unique to the local host
interface_macaddr | MAC address of the network interface, not unique

### virNetworkPtr

Attribute | Description
--- | ---
connect_driver | Name of the libvirt connection driver
network_name | Name of the network, unique to the local host
network_uuid | UUID of the network, globally unique

### virNodeDevicePtr

Attribute | Description
--- | ---
connect_driver | Name of the libvirt connection driver
node_device_name | Name of the node device, unique to the local host

### virNWFilterPtr

Attribute | Description
--- | ---
connect_driver | Name of the libvirt connection driver
nwfilter_name | Name of the network filter, unique to the local host
nwfilter_uuid | UUID of the network filter, globally unique

### virSecretPtr

Attribute | Description
--- | ---
connect_driver | Name of the libvirt connection driver
secret_uuid | UUID of the secret, globally unique
secret_usage_volume | Name of the associated volume, if any
secret_usage_ceph | Name of the associated Ceph server, if any
secret_usage_target | Name of the associated iSCSI target, if any
secret_usage_name | Name of the associated TLS secret, if any

### virStoragePoolPtr

Attribute | Description
--- | ---
connect_driver | Name of the libvirt connection driver
pool_name | Name of the storage pool, unique to the local host
pool_uuid | UUID of the storage pool, globally unique

### virStorageVolPtr

Attribute | Description
--- | ---
connect_driver | Name of the libvirt connection driver
pool_name | Name of the storage pool, unique to the local host
pool_uuid | UUID of the storage pool, globally unique
vol_name | Name of the storage volume, unique to the pool
vol_key | Key of the storage volume, globally unique

## Hypervisor Driver connect_driver

The connect_driver parameter describes the client's remote Connection Driver name based on the URI used for the connection.

Since 4.1.0, when calling an API outside the scope of the primary connection driver, the primary driver will attempt to open a secondary connection to the specific API driver in order to process the API. For example, when hypervisor domain processing needs to make an API call within the storage driver or the network filter driver an attempt to open a connection to the "storage" or "nwfilter" driver will be made. Similarly, a "storage" primary connection may need to create a connection to the "secret" driver in order to process secrets for the API. If successful, then calls to those API's will occur in the connect_driver context of the secondary connection driver rather than in the context of the primary driver. This affects the connect_driver returned from rule generation from the action.loookup function. The following table provides a list of the various connection drivers and the connect_driver name used by each regardless of primary or secondary connection. The access denied error message from libvirt will list the connection driver by name that denied the access.

### Connection Driver Name

Connection Driver | connect_driver name
--- | ---
bhyve | bhyve
esx | ESX
hyperv | Hyper-V
interface | interface
xen | Xen
lxc | LXC
network | network
nodedev | nodedev
nwfilter | NWFilter
openvz | OPENVZ
qemu | QEMU
secret | secret
storage | storage
vbox | VBOX
vmware | VMWARE
vz | vz

## User identity attributes

At this point in time, the only attribute provided by libvirt to identify the user invoking the operation is the PID of the client program. This means that the polkit access control driver is only useful if connections to libvirt are restricted to its UNIX domain socket. If connections are being made to a TCP socket, no identifying information is available and access will be denied. Also note that if the client is connecting via an SSH tunnel, it is the local SSH user that will be identified. In future versions, it is expected that more information about the client user will be provided, including the SASL / Kerberos username and/or x509 distinguished name obtained from the authentication provider in use.

## Writing access control policies

If using versions of polkit prior to 0.106 then it is only possible to validate (user, permission) pairs via the .pkla files. Fully validation of the (user, permission, object) triple requires the new JavaScript .rules support that was introduced in version 0.106. The latter is what will be described here.

Libvirt does not ship any rules files by default. It merely provides a definition of the default behaviour for each action (permission). As noted earlier, permissions which correspond to read-only operations in libvirt will be allowed to all users by default; everything else is denied by default. Defining custom rules requires creation of a file in the /etc/polkit-1/rules.d directory with a name chosen by the administrator (100-libvirt-acl.rules would be a reasonable choice). See the polkit(8) manual page for a description of how to write these files in general. The key idea is to create a file containing something like

    polkit.addRule(function(action, subject) {
      ....logic to check 'action' and 'subject'...
    });

In this code snippet above, the action object instance will represent the libvirt permission being checked along with identifying attributes for the object it is being applied to. The subject meanwhile will identify the libvirt client app (with the caveat above about it only dealing with local clients connected via the UNIX socket). On the action object, the permission name is accessible via the id attribute, while the object identifying attributes are exposed via the lookup method.

See source code for a more complex example.

### Example: restricting ability to connect to drivers

Consider a local user berrange who has been granted permission to connect to libvirt in full read-write mode. The goal is to only allow them to use the QEMU driver and not the Xen or LXC drivers which are also available in libvirtd. To achieve this we need to write a rule which checks whether the connect_driver attribute is QEMU, and match on an action name of org.libvirt.api.connect.getattr. Using the javascript rules format, this ends up written as

    polkit.addRule(function(action, subject) {
        if (action.id == "org.libvirt.api.connect.getattr" &&
            subject.user == "berrange") {
              if (action.lookup("connect_driver") == 'QEMU') {
                return polkit.Result.YES;
              } else {
                return polkit.Result.NO;
              }
        }
    });

### Example: restricting access to a single domain

Consider a local user berrange who has been granted permission to connect to libvirt in full read-write mode. The goal is to only allow them to see the domain called demo on the LXC driver. To achieve this we need to write a rule which checks whether the connect_driver attribute is LXC and the domain_name attribute is demo, and match on an action name of org.libvirt.api.domain.getattr. Using the javascript rules format, this ends up written as

    polkit.addRule(function(action, subject) {
        if (action.id == "org.libvirt.api.domain.getattr" &&
            subject.user == "berrange") {
              if (action.lookup("connect_driver") == 'LXC' &&
                  action.lookup("domain_name") == 'demo') {
                return polkit.Result.YES;
              } else {
                return polkit.Result.NO;
              }
        }
    });