Thank you for your interest in F123 (pronounced F 1 2 3). This document is organized in sections so that you may easily jump to specific topics that interest you. Screen reader users can quickly find section titles and subtitles using the various header levels from 1 to 6.

1 Introduction

The VOISS team, formerly F123, has developed F123Light, the world’s most affordable fully functional talking computer for the blind. The project’s objective is to enhance access to education and employment for the blind through the use of low-cost competitive technologies, training, and technical support. The strategy is to scale-up through the use of mass-produced and easily assembled hardware kits, as well as freely distributed and cooperatively developed open source software.

The first version of F123Light will be launched in 2019 and will be available in English, Brazilian Portuguese, Spanish, and Arabic. Contributors to F123Light come from countries as varied as Algeria, Brazil, Egypt, Germany, India, Latvia, Russia, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

2 Defining the Problem

Improving access to education and employment opportunities for the blind is, as is the case with most social challenges, a complex problem which involves a variety of social, economic, and technological factors. The following are some of the problems we have identified as important and which we hope to address through our F123Light initiative.

2.1 The Typically High Cost of Assistive Technology

Most companies which develop and market sophisticated assistive technologies, such as screen reading software, are based in developed countries where they depend largely on government purchases to sustain their work. As a result, their business model is not optimized for affordability, as tends to be the case with any corporation that sells primarily to governments. As an example, the cost for Jaws for Windows, a screen reader which is quite popular among wealthy governments, is about US$2000 per license.

In addition, there are other factors, such as the high complexity of some of these technologies, the high level of specialization required of developers, and the high marketing and distribution costs for assistive technologies. High marketing costs are particularly the case among the blind, who tend to be widely dispersed geographically, as well as in all social classes, ethnicities, nationalities, and age groups.

In addition, the cost of hardware products for the blind also tends to be very high, relative to their features and overall technical characteristics. The reason for this seems to be that, in addition to reduced competition due to the small market size, custom-made hardware is always more expensive when its production volumes are smaller than those reached by mainstream products. This is the case, because even though persons with disabilities are an estimated 10 to 15 percent of the overall population, within that group there is great diversity. For example, persons who are blind are estimated to be only about two to three percent of the overall population in the United States.

Finally, cost is a relative concept, as it depends greatly on the income level of the potential customer. In this regard assistive technology tends to be very expensive given that the prevalence of poverty, i.e. the percentage of visually impaired persons living below the poverty line in the United States is roughly one third. World-wide the problem persists, with persons with disabilities being the poorest among the poor.

2.2 Social Impact and Value Versus Price Confusion

The high relative and absolute cost of most assistive technologies negatively impact the blind at multiple levels. In addition to restricting immediate access to software and devices, it can also have negative consequences even when funding is obtained to purchase the needed technology.

The classic model in most non-profits is to request funding from government agencies or foundations, purchase equipment and software, hire a teacher, and then offer training for the blind. This approach quickly fails in its greater goal of improving access to education and employment for the blind, since as soon as the training is finished, it becomes abundantly clear that neither the blind person, his or her family or school, nor local companies are able to afford the technology in which training was offered.

When nobody in the local community can afford to purchase the selected technology, it also means that even the rare donation is not usually maintained or replaced when necessary. As a result costs with virus protection, backups, and physical upgrades, as well as maintenance and security cannot be absorbed, and the donated technology becomes progressively less useful and the users increasingly less productive. Since talking computers can have such a substantial impact on the productivity and competitiveness of the blind, their malfunction can also close the doors that might have been opened with great effort.

In sum, the “best” technology is a relative concept, and the choice of the most expensive options rarely if ever substitute for a careful analysis of local circumstances. This is the reason why so many pilot projects are never scaled-up and so many initiatives fail as soon as external funding ends.

3 The F123 Strategy

Many traditional businesses attempt to centralize control over as many aspects of the production, distribution, and maitenance processes of their services and products, even when such control is not strictly necessary for the proper operation of the product nor optimal in increasing overall efficiency. In other words, there are costs which are imposed artificially, which go above and beyond what would be necessary to provide the product or service, but which are imposed exclusively as a means to increase short-term profits. Sometimes these business choices are called market failures), since they restrict market competition and increase prices, However, F123 Consulting takes a different approach. Many of our choices tend to be a conscious reversal of these choices in order to ensure low cost, high efficiency, and great longevity for everything we do.

3.1 Mass-Partnering for Software Development and Maintenance

The use of free and open source software has always been at the core of the F123 strategy to achieve as much as possible with scarce resources. The greatest advantage of open source is not its short-term pricing advantage, but its licensing structure and community of developers, which makes it possible to achieve massive and widespread cooperation without the need for specific partnership contracts between all organizations or individuals. Even industry leaders who have traditionally attempted to undermine advancements in the adoption of the open source development model, have changed their approach to working with this large segment of the software world.

In the context of digital accessibility for the blind, there is already ample evidence of the widespread use of free and open source software. F123 supports projects such as NVDA, yet, the F123Light initiative seeks to address a different set of needs among the blind who live in developing countries.

3.1.1 Cost Revisited

While an initiative such as the free and open source NVDA screen reader is extremely valuable, the F123 team is pushing the envelope of what is possible to accomplish with ultra-low-cost computers. NVDA enables blind persons to save thousands of dollars, as they are no longer forced to buy expensive traditional proprietary screen readers such as Jaws for Windows, but it still requires them to absorb the cost of the Windows operating system, hardware which is powerful enough to run it, and related costs such as antivirus software. In other words, the blind are still forced to deal with and find funding for the planned obsolescence strategy of various companies, in addition to the natural wear and tear of hardware and overall technological change.

Our choice of computers based on ARM processors such as the Raspberry Pi stems from the fact that they tend to be dramatically more affordable and still offer sufficient computing performance given our needs and design choices. Specifically, despite the fact that we are using an extremely affordable computer, our device boots-up faster than most conventional laptops and still allows our users to be productive and competitive in their use of e-mail, text editors, spreadsheets, and web browsers. In this regard, our most interesting decision was to emphasize text-based interfaces over the traditional graphical user interface (GUI).

Graphical interfaces tend to demand a lot of computing power for visual effects that are entirely irrelevant for the blind. In fact, the only advantage of GUI’s for the blind is the use of menus, which present the user with multiple choices instead of requiring that he or she type complicated-sounding commands on the command line interface (CLI). However, there are text-based menus which allow us to make our text-based environment as friendly or more friendly than any graphical interface we have ever tested.

3.2 Software Choices and Universal Design Considerations

In a perfect world, all software companies would adopt “universal design” principles, and other than our need for more efficient and fast computing, there would be no need for us to work with text-only menus. However, both in desktop and web interfaces, the blind are not a priority, even for the most powerful and resource-rich companies. This was the case in the 1990’s and is still the case on the 21st century, even in companies which are supposed to be the gold standard in accessibility.

Many organizations and companies claim that they do not have the resources or expertise to offer fully accessible software or web pages, but if even the most successful companies fail to deliver consistently accessible products, lack of resources seems to be at the very least, an insufficient explanation. At other times it is claimed that legislation should be better, but it is impossible to correctly regulate technologies which have not yet emerged, and dangerous to establish too many restrictions for companies which then may lose their leadership in the marketplace to foreign competitors without such concerns. This probably explains why many large companies seem to launch accessibility campaigns only after they have established themselves as leaders in their industry and need to look for expansion in what they consider niche markets, in order to try to sustain growth.

In our view, the blind, their friends, and their organizations must keep their pressure and advocacy efforts to ensure continued progress (or at least prevent regression), but we do not expect such efforts to, on average, be more powerful than the competitive pressures companies face every day nor the influence from so many groups which governments also must respond to. In other words, the overall patterns observed in the last 30+ years are likely to persist and the blind community better have a “plan B” for its most basic computing needs, if it wants consistent, productive, affordable, stable, long-term digital accessibility.

3.3 Software at the Core of Our Strategy

Since our team does not have any truly innovative means to pressure for new and more effective legislation nor better compliance with existing accessibility laws, we will focus our energies and creativity on ensuring that basic computing functionality will always be affordable, effective, and efficient for our community. The objective is not to find a perfect solution nor break new ground in artificial intelligence or any other fashionable area, but to utilize that which is proven, accessible for decades, and ensure that non-technical persons also have the luxury of resilience in the face of ever changing priorities and fads among industry leaders and governments.

3.4 Our Hardware Choices

Two important challenges faced by projects who want to make it easy for non-technical persons to enjoy the benefits of free and open source software are distribution and installation. The F123 team is addressing these obstacles by helping technically-inclined blind persons support other less-technical blind persons, and by standardizing our work around specific hardware platforms. At this time, our software is designed to work with the Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+.

Of course, our software can and has been used in other computers, but the decision to standardize on the Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+, which is sufficiently powerful for productive use of text-based applications, saves a lot of time and effort for both the development team and our users. Issues with software drivers are resolved more easily, testing is simpler, efficient distribution is already taken care of, and potential help from sighted users of these devices already exists around the world.

3.4.1 List of Computer Parts

Since extreme affordability is absolutely essential, every part selected for use in our project is both produced and distributed world-wide in mass. In addition to the Raspberry Pi computer, we also use:

  1. A Micro SD memory card.

This is the computer’s hard disk.

  1. Heat sinks and computer case.

Parts which protect the circuit board and help cool it.

  1. AC Adapter.

Allows you to connect the computer to the electrical outlet.

  1. Power Pack or Battery Pack.

Many versions of this part exist. These are usually used to recharge cell phones, but we can use it to power the talking computer for many hours.

  1. Standard USB keyboard.

  2. Standard headphones with 3.5mm audio jack.

There are of course, Bluetooth keyboards and headphones, with a wide variety of prices and reliability, but in our experience, none of those are as affordable, durable, and easy-to-find and maintain as the traditional wired originals.

Actually, there is one exception to the rule of only using widely available parts and that is the computer carrying case. This part is very helpful, but at the same time, in a worse-case scenario, importing it across continents can be considered somewhat optional. Any person or organization with experience working with textiles should be able to put together a carrying case, and we have heard of users carrying their talking computer even in plastic shopping bags.

Finally, what brings it all together and makes this device so helpful is our F123Light software, which combines a wide variety of free and open source software, many developed, maintained, and used by organizations big and small for purposes which often have nothing to do with blindness. In other words, we have designed the entire project to minimize costs, and maximize productivity, sustainability, decentralization, and longevity.

4 Common Questions and Suggestions

Questions and suggestions are always welcome. The following are some of the more common questions and suggestions we receive, and we are sharing them here as these might be helpful in focusing your creativity in new areas. Please always feel free to ask new questions, request clarifications, or make suggestions on our e-mail lists or directly with our team.

4.1 Using Smartphones Instead of the Raspberry Pi Computer

We are frequently asked why we are not using smartphones instead of Raspberry Pi computers, as smartphones are so powerful, affordable, and widely available today. While we do not automatically exclude the possibility of using smartphones in the future, the reasons why we believe it is not currently a better alternative to the Raspberry Pi for young blind students and others are:

Our choice of the Raspberry Pi as a platform, minimizes distractions, as we have greater control over what software is installed. Greater security, as neither the manufacturer nor the phone company have a chance to install tracking and advertising software of any kind. Finally, even though the Raspberry Pi hardware evolves, it retains its technical patterns for a much longer time period, extending the usefulness of our work for much longer.

In sum, affordable phones based on the Android operating system are not durable, are not secure from digital attacks, are expensive to maintain in realistic day-to-day use by children, offer too many distractions if the operating system is not entirely modified, and change too often as a platform for most software development investment to continue being useful across time and phone models.

We have also been asked about recycling discarded tablets for use by the blind, and many of the same issues described above also apply in that case.

4.2 Buying Versus Assembling the F123Light Computer

Some people have asked if they can buy one of these talking computers already assembled and with the F123Light software preinstalled:

We can assemble the computer in Brazil and ship to anywhere in the world. So get in touch with us via e-mail if you need one urgently. In the next few months we will also setup a partnership with an international manufacturer. As soon as that is finalized, we will provide links to their online store in our pages.

People who are blind and wish to become local distributors, should get in touch with us via e-mail.

4.3 Using Braille with the F123Light Computer

We have been asked if the F123Light computer is compatible with Braille displays available for use with various electronic devices ranging from laptops to smartphones and conventional computers:

Since our initial focus was to create the world’s most affordable fully functional talking computer for the blind, we did not include a Braille display in our first few prototypes. However, we have been asked for this option and will start researching low-cost Braille displays which we can include in the near future. We expect that integrating any of the major brands into our device will not be difficult.

Once the Braille display option becomes available, we will announce it in our e-mail lists and web pages.

4.4 Technology Cannot be the Main Focus in Education

Sometimes it is said that our societies are giving too much emphasis to technological tools rather than values and personal development:

We believe that no technology can substitute for personal growth and a proper education. This is why we give as much emphasis to training as we do to actual software development. Good technology is that which becomes invisible so that children can study and adults can work, without worrying or being distracted by the digital tools they might be using.

We also believe strongly that at the end of the day, it is not our tools but our personalities and values that actually have the greatest influence in our lives, so in some ways, our technological strategy is just a smaller side-effect from a greater objective, which is to give a chance for the blind to learn to use, maintain, and improve their own tools, and have the confidence and generosity of spirit to teach one another as well. A good example of this is our campaign to teach the blind to help one-another to build their own talking computers in workshops all over the world:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KBM8Nq-f2T4&feature=youtu.be

4.5 Where is the Catch?

It is understandable that an often unasked but important question is: How can you survive if you distribute your software for free and anyone can assemble this computer from widely available standard parts?

The simple and short answer is that we have been around for about a decade now, offering project management and consulting services to organizations, foundations, and government agencies interested in helping the blind in an effective, efficient, and scalable way, and will probably continue to be around for many more years. However, our strategy is designed to ensure that no dependency is created on F123 Consulting.

The more complete answer is that when one uses hardware that is generic and available everywhere from multiple manufacturers and distributors; software that is freely available world-wide and licensed in a way that allows for distribution, modification, and copying by anyone (i.e. open source); and documentation and other materials also licensed in a similar way (i.e. Creative Commons); there is nothing to stop anyone from continuing our work whether we are still here or have long since stopped providing our services. In fact, decentralized replication and continuation is part of our plan.

In sum, most mathematics teachers or cooks do not make a living because they teach secret formulas or cook secret recipes, they make a living because enough people do not have time to teach mathematics to their own kids, and do not have time to cook their own meal. Of course, it is not a strategy or business model that is conducive to making excessive amounts of money, but then, there are more important things in life.

Of course, we do ask that you help society reward this type of courage by contributing to this initiative in some way.

5 Finding or Offering Help

5.1 Contributing Time, Talent, Contacts, Etc

If you value the work we do, please help us out. You can help in many ways. here are some ideas:

5.2 Our E-mail Lists

To join any of the following e-mail lists, you can send a blank e-mail message to the indicated address. You will then receive an e-mail message from the list, requesting confirmation. Just responding to that confirmation e-mail, i.e. pressing “reply” on your e-mail software, and sending the message without writing anything wil confirm and subscribe you to the list.

5.2.1 Announcements List

If all you want is to get an occasional e-mail from us, sharing the latest news, join our announcement list. The plan is to send just one message per month, maybe even less.

5.2.2 Technical List in English

Technically inclined users who can communicate in English should subscribe e-mailing F123e+subscribe@groups.io

5.2.3 General-Purpose List in English

English speakers who are not developers or technically inclined, but are interested in the project for day-to-day use in note-taking, office work, project management, and other activities, subscribe by sending an e-mail to F123-Visual-English+subscribe@groups.io

5.2.4 General-Purpose List in Spanish

Non-technical users who speak Spanish can join our group by sending an e-mail message to F123-Visual-espanol+subscribe@groups.io

5.2.5 General-Purpose List in Portuguese

Non-technical users who speak Portuguese can join by sending an e-mail message to F123-Visual-portugues+subscribe@groups.io

5.2.6 Social Networks

Those who want to keep in touch with the project through social networks, should know that we rarely respond to posts on social networks. Ideally, please get in touch with us via the above lists or via direct e-mail. If you wish to share a link about our project with others, please share this one:
https://guide.F123.org/

5.3 Contacting Our Team Directly

Some messages are best sent directly to our team. E-mail messages in English can be sent to this address, in Spanish to this address, and in Portuguese to this address.


This document is version number: 19.09.26


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